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Moral behavior requires learning how our actions help or harm others. Theoretical accounts of learning propose a key division between "model-free" algorithms that cache outcome values in actions and "model-based" algorithms that map actions to outcomes. Here, we tested the engagement of these mechanisms and their neural basis as participants learned to avoid painful electric shocks for themselves and a stranger. We found that model-free decision making was prioritized when learning to avoid harming others compared to oneself. Model-free prediction errors for others relative to self were tracked in the thalamus/caudate. At the time of choice, neural activity consistent with model-free moral learning was observed in subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC), and switching after harming others was associated with stronger connectivity between sgACC and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Finally, model-free moral learning varied with individual differences in moral judgment. Our findings suggest moral learning favors efficiency over flexibility and is underpinned by specific neural mechanisms.

Original publication

DOI

10.1073/pnas.2010890117

Type

Journal article

Journal

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Publication Date

03/11/2020

Volume

117

Pages

27719 - 27730

Keywords

learning, model-free, moral, neuroimaging, prediction error, Adolescent, Adult, Brain Mapping, Decision Making, Female, Gyrus Cinguli, Healthy Volunteers, Humans, Judgment, Learning, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Models, Psychological, Moral Development, Morals, Prefrontal Cortex, Young Adult